Ray Tomlinson Invented Internet-Based Email

Electronic mail  (email) is a way of exchanging digital messages between people using different computers.   Email operates across  computer networks, which in the 2010s, pretty much means the internet. Some early email systems required the writer and the recipient to both be  online  at the same time, sort of like instant messaging. Todays email systems are based on a  store-and-forward  model. Email  servers  accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need to connect only briefly, typically to a  mail server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages. From ASCII to MIME Originally an  ASCII  text-only communications medium, Internet email was extended by  Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions  (MIME) to carry text in other character sets and multimedia content attachments.  International email, with internationalized email addresses, has been standardized, but as of 2017, not widely adopted. The history of modern, global Internet email services reaches back to the early  ARPANET, with standards for encoding email messages proposed as early as 1973. An email message sent in the early 1970s looks very similar to a basic text email sent today. Email played an important part in creating the Internet,  and the conversion from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current services. The ARPANET initially used extensions to the  File Transfer Protocol  (FTP) to exchange network email, but this is now done with the  Simple Mail Transfer Protocol  (SMTP). Ray Tomlinsons Contributions Computer engineer Ray Tomlinson invented internet-based email in late 1971. Under ARPAnet, several major innovations occurred: email (or electronic mail), the ability to send simple messages to another person across the network (1971). Ray Tomlinson worked as a computer engineer for Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), the company hired by the United States Defense Department to build the first Internet in 1968. Ray Tomlinson was experimenting with a popular program he wrote called SNDMSG that the ARPANET programmers and researchers were using on the network computers (Digital PDP-10s) to leave messages for each other. SNDMSG was a local electronic message program. You could only leave messages on the computer that you were using for other persons using that computer to read. Tomlinson used a file transfer protocol that he was working on called CYPNET to adapt the SNDMSG program so it could send electronic messages to any computer on the ARPANET network. The Symbol Ray Tomlinson chose the symbol to tell which user was at what computer. The goes in between the users login name and the name of his/her host computer. What Was the First Email Ever Sent? The first email was sent between two computers that were actually sitting beside  each other. However, the ARPANET network was used as the connection between the two. The first email message was QWERTYUIOP. Ray Tomlinson is quoted as saying he invented email,Mostly because it seemed like a neat idea. No one was asking for email.

A Study On Traumatic Brain Injury - 6523 Words

parindent{ }Traumatic brain injury is a significant health problem in the United States that is estimated to occur in 1.6-1.8 million persons annually (citealt{faul2010}). Diffuse axonal injury is %the most frequently occurring a common type of traumatic brain injury primarily characterized by damage to the axons (citealt{smith2000, Gennarelli1982}). An improved understanding of the pathophysiology of diffuse axonal injury is needed to develop improved diagnostic tools, protective measures and rehabilitation treatments(citealt{Giordano2014}). Many techniques have been developed to help elucidate the injury mechanism associated with diffuse axonal injury over years. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is one such technique where the mesoscale structural information is studied to investigate the diffuse axonal injury. Finite element models have also provided a means to investigate diffuse axonal injury. Several finite element head models have been developed and reported in the literature (citealt{shugar1977,ward1980,hosey1982,Ruan1991,mendis1992,bandak1995,kang1997,al1999,Zhang2001,Kleiven2002,brands2002,takhounts2003,horgan2005,Kleiven2007,iwamoto2007,takhounts2008,panzer2012,mao2013,tse2014,cotton2015}). These models have demonstrated that over time, the structural resolution of the head models, including advancements in constitutive laws, anatomical resolution, and injury descriptions were improved. Previous studies have shown that the brain tissue is anisotropicShow MoreRelatedBrain Studies on Traumatic Brain Injuries1953 Words   |  8 Pagesfrom a traumatic brain injury. While working at a railroad site, an iron tamping rod (43 inches long, 1.25 diameter) went through his left cheek, through his brain, and out the skull. He surprisingly ended up surviving this traumatic injury. After a month in the hospital, he was back out on the street. Once a nice, caring person, Phineas t urned into an aggressive man who could not even keep a job. Just like Phineas Gage, a TBI can potentially change everything. Brain studies on traumatic brain injuriesRead MoreA Study On Traumatic Brain Injury6523 Words   |  27 Pagesparindent{ }Traumatic brain injury is a significant health problem in the United States that is estimated to occur in 1.6-1.8 million persons annually (citealt{faul2010}). Diffuse axonal injury is %the most frequently occurring a common type of traumatic brain injury primarily characterized by damage to the axons (citealt{smith2000, Gennarelli1982}). An improved understanding of the pathophysiology of diffuse axonal injury is needed to develop improved diagnostic tools, protective measures andRead MoreA Study On Traumatic Brain Injury6528 Words   |  27 Pages parindent{ }Traumatic brain injury is a significant health problem in the United States that is estimated to occur in 1.6-1.8 million persons annually (citealt{faul2010}). Diffuse axonal injury is a common type of traumatic brain injury primarily characterized by damage to the axons (citealt{smith2000, Gennarelli1982}). An enhanced knowledge of the pathophysiology of diffuse axonal injury is required to develop improved diagnostic tools, protective measures and rehabilitation treatments(citealt{Giordano2014})Read MoreA Case Study : Traumatic Brain Injury2029 Words   |  9 Pages A Case Study: Traumatic Brain Injury Jennifer Buechler University of San Diego Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Traumatic brain injury, or TBI, occurs when there is a sudden, direct injury to the head. This type of wound can result from a bump, blow, or jolt to the cranium. It may even result from the penetration of a foreign object into the brain tissue. Most TBI’s result from car accidents, sports injuries, blunt trauma, unintentional injuries and falls, with falls accountingRead MoreThe Effect Of Calcium On The Contribution Of Calcium Uptake Of The Vesicular Glutamate Released Into The Extracellular Space855 Words   |  4 Pagesanimals with traumatic brain injuries had significantly higher levels of extracellular glutamate evidenced by a nearly 80% increase when compared to the healthy mice (Hinzman et. Al., 2012). This showed that calcium mediated neuronal glutamate release may contribute to the cytotoxicity experienced by patients affected by traumatic brain injury. The second part of the study examined the importance of excitatory amino acid transporters in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury. 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Results:Read MoreA Traumatic Brain Injury 1708 Words   |  7 PagesA traumatic brain injury (â€Å"TBI†) occurs when the brain is somehow injured, rattled, or wounded from an external source of force. The means of acquisition and the severity of TBIs are unique to each patient; therefore, symptoms and rehabilitation can vary greatly depending on the patient’s condition following the incident and how they sustained the injury. The severity of a TBI is generally classified into one of three categories: mild, moderate, or severe, and this type of diagnostic criteria influencesRead MoreSelf Reported Pain And Pain Management Strategies Among Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury1593 Words   |  7 Pages The authors of the pilot study all have remarkable educational backgrounds. To begin, with, I discovered P.R.King, G.P. Beehler, and M.J.Wade all had limited amount of experience due to only writing one or two articles that were published, but King Beeler, and Wade all ha ve PHD’s. The article was clearly identified as a quantative study by the authors using a pilot study. The variables of the study are the self-reported pain and pain management strategies. The study was gathered included a group A Study On Traumatic Brain Injury - 6523 Words parindent{ }Traumatic brain injury is a significant health problem in the United States that is estimated to occur in 1.6-1.8 million persons annually (citealt{faul2010}). Diffuse axonal injury is %the most frequently occurring a common type of traumatic brain injury primarily characterized by damage to the axons (citealt{smith2000, Gennarelli1982}). An improved understanding of the pathophysiology of diffuse axonal injury is needed to develop improved diagnostic tools, protective measures and rehabilitation treatments(citealt{Giordano2014}). Many techniques have been developed to help elucidate the injury mechanism associated with diffuse axonal injury over years. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is one such technique where the mesoscale†¦show more content†¦parindent{ }Tissue anisotropy plays a significant role in accurately predicting the extent as well as the location of the white matter damage (citealt{wright2012}). Table~ ef{tab:1} shows a list of finite element stud ies that included diffusion tensor imaging tractography in the injury analysis. Most of the studies (citealt{colgan2010, wright2012, wright2013, Kraft2012, sahoo2014, kleiven2014}) used a diffusion tensor imaging apprised anisotropic material models to represent brain tissue during the analysis. The axonal strains were then calculated using explicit post processing steps. These studies mapped multiple voxels from DTI data to a single element in the finite element model using an averaged fiber orientation/ fiber dispersion measure. To account for the effect of multiple fiber orientations per element, researchers used fractional anisotropy informed material models to represent brain tissue (citealt{wright2013,sahoo2014,kleiven2014}). However, calculating an averaged representation of fiber orientations and fiber dispersion values over multiple voxels might cause a loss of some axonal strain information and accuracy of the material model. %Therefore, there is a strong need to develop a robust methodology for constructing a 3D FE head model that can accommodate both the anisotropic response and high level of anatomical detail. At the same time, this should avoid the need for complex mapping schemes (mapping DTI

Impact of the Black Death Free Essays

IMPACT OF THE BLACK DEATH The topic of this paper is the Impact of the Black Death. We will discover what the Black Death is, where it came from, and Influence that is had on society. The Black Death was a fast spreading plague that was reported aboard Genoese vessels in early October 1347. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of the Black Death or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because these vessels were sent back out to sea where everyone who encountered these vessels was contaminated by a fast spreading plague. Was there any way to have prevented this epidemic? Martin, S. , (2001), Black Death, Pocket essentials, Harpenden, Great Britain, This book tells what the black death is, when it started, and how it spread. I can obtain quite a bit of information from this book to help me with my research for my paper. Dates, names of vessels, cities, how they destroyed the plague, are among a few of the things that I can learn from this reference. Borsch, S. , (2005), Black Death Egypt and England: A Comparative Study, University of Texas Press. This Citation shows how the plague entered into these societies, and traveled from one society to another. How they handled the death. Wray, K. , (2009), Medieval Mediterranean, Volume 83: Communities in Crisis: Bologna, During the Black Death, Bill Academic Publishers, And Boston, MA, USA. This citation deals with the stress and actions the people took to stay alive. Riva, M. , Papio, M. , Roz, G. , (2010), The Decameron Web: Plague, www. brown. edu/departments/Itlian_studies/dweb/the_project. This web site has much useful information about the Black Death and the impact that it had on societies in this period. How many people were taken by the Black Death, and numerous of other information that I can use to help me in my paper. Dennis, DT. , Gage, KL. , Poland, JD. , and Tikhomirvo, E. , (1999), Plague Manual, World Health Organization, www. cdc. gov. Reference Page Martin, S. , (2001), Black Death, Pocket essentials, Harpenden, GBR Borsch, S. ,(2005), Black Death Egypt and England: A Comparative Study, University of Texas Press. Wray, K. , (2009), Medieval Mediterranean, Volume 83 Communities and Crisis: Bologna, During the Black Death, Brill Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, USA. Riva, M. , Papio, M. , Roz, G. , (2010), The Decameron Web: Plague, www. brown. edu/departments/italian_studies/dweb/the_project. Dennis, DT. , Gage, KL. , Poland, JD. , and Tikhomirvo, E. , (1999), Plague Manual, World Health Organization, www. cdc. gov. How to cite Impact of the Black Death, Papers

Business Entrepreneur Implementation

Question: Discuss about the Business Entrepreneur Implementation. Answer: Introduction: It could be affirmed and regarded that for becoming a successful and real entrepreneur a number of struggles and obstacles have to be faced by an individual. The same could be observed by individuals if he or she would go through the biographies of the top most entrepreneurs who have achieved success in life. These kinds of entrepreneurs were acknowledged and considered as those individuals who have changed an idea in an innovative manner in order to achieve something and establish an advantageous startup with their ability and eventually built a team. (Forbes, 2016). These individuals also apart from being an entrepreneur have been regarded as innovative creators and thinkers. As they have learnt from their mistakes and have pushed themselves at each stage of life were without failing and stopping they have started to work in a new way something which was too much for their own good. Also, there have also been certain individuals who have initiated their journey to work when they had nearly nothing in hand but still had taken a road to success for becoming successful in life. Although there has been a number of examples of such entrepreneurs such as Richard Branson, Teoh Wee Kiat (myBurgerLab) and Uri Levine, Waze. As it has been observed that the entrepreneurs have been observed and recognized as the individuals who were defined as the risk takers so, in this essay the leading life examples of Richard Branson, Teoh Wee Kiat (myBurgerLab) and Uri Levine, Waze would be described. As they in his entire life have struggled hard in order to accomplish what they have achieved today. They have done so to turn out to be a successful entrepreneur and one of the richest men (Wee Kiat Teoh, 2016). Teoh was regarded as a young entrepreneur who was full of zeal and enthusiasm for the wide variety of trade. After completion of his education and attaining a degree in Finance Accounting from Nottingham University, he spent two crucial years of his life in work in the field of recruitment, audit and advertising. Then, with collaboration with two influential individuals, Chin Ren Yi and Cheah Chang Ming, he stepped his first step in the world of foodstuffs, tea and coffee in order to create what people known today as myBurgerLab. But for acheiving success, Teoh had some dreams that was set out in order to achieve the objectives which the corporation made. The dream for MyBurgerLab was, to redefine and modify the industry of foodstuff, tea and coffee by granting honestly good quality food and services with an aim of keeping the highest principles of the culture of any corporation. Richard Branson also on another end was regarded as a entrepreneur and innovator in the range of trade. He was the initiator and flourishing entrepreneur of Virgin Cola (Biography, 2016). During that time of the work of operation, he faced a lot of issues related to the clients. While in 1994, with the collaboration of another association which was known as Cott Corporation, Richard Bransons Virgin Cola was for the first time was commenced in the UK market. The original cola which was observed to be sold in 500ml bottles was advertised as The Pammy. The curves of the bottles were intended to bear a resemblance to Pamela Anderson, who was at the verge of her fame and popularity in the state of UK and USA at that period of time. This Group now holds more than 200 corporations, which comprises of the late Virgin Galactic, a space-tourism meticulous association. But as much as the entrepreneurial undertakings off in the music industry were concern the music era was prolonged under other parts which were settled on Branson and helped him in order to become rich. But at the end of 1990s, Virgin Cola packed up the sales. One of the most significant purposes was that Virgin Cola was not able to compete with the chief brand Coca-Cola. It was the world most eminent coke brand as well as soft drinks from last125 years. Virgin only wanted to enter a business when they think they could propose their clients with something conspicuously different that would disturb the market, but there was not actually a chance to do that in the sector of soft drinks (Virgin, 2016). But the Co-Founder of Virgin Cola was stimulated by his experience, and later started selling his own milkshakes with a couple of friends. He therefore, presently heads one of the chief, most determined drinks brands in Britain (Biography,2016). But for success the idea for Virgin Cola was pleasure the clients with innovative goods, international finest quality standard at a reasonable price that proposes clients with the best value for their cost. Apart from that, there have been a number of struggles and failures among these two beverages. Similarly another entrepreneur Uri Levine, he was one of the most creative entrepreneurs in todays time. He was the originator of Waze, one of the world's principal society-based traffic and direction-finding apps which collaborated with other drivers in the area of individuals who share instantaneous traffic and road data. It was taken over by Google in 2013 for the sum of $1.1 billion (Global Speakers Bureau, 2016). He was in the high tech trade for the last 30 years, and has observed everything ranging from breakdown, middle achievement and tremendous achievement. As a result of which he was able to transport extremely appealing keynotes to adolescent innovators and corporations and propose them a recipe book, a recipe for achievement (All American Speakers, 2016). Therefore, it could be accomplished that when people states that it has been an easy task to carry out any trade. So, in order to be a flourishing innovator an individual has to take all the kinds of dangers at all times. It needs to have a wholehearted assurance both in a corporal and a psychological way. To be well-off unexpectedly only survives in TV serials. Individuals wishes to donate a plenty of time and make an effort in order to determine a victorious trade. Only bears time and power doesnt guarantee that achievement would be achieved, but an individual could never achieve something otherwise (Entrepreneur, 2016). So, it has been observed that there has been numerous numbers of basics which would guide an individual to achieve victory which would comprises of: Unqualified perseverance; Put intelligence in carrying out any effort; Give time, energy and corporeal pressure to the trade of an individual, etc. So, it could be stated that the above mentioned entrepreneurs have faced a lot of evils in order to be successful which they have achieved in the present time. References All American Speakers. (2016) Uri Levine. [Online] All American Speakers. Available from: https://www.allamericanspeakers.com/celebritytalentbios/Uri+Levine [Accessed on 26/12/16] Biography. (2016) Richard Branson Biography. [Online] Biography. Available from: https://www.biography.com/people/richard-branson-9224520 [Accessed on 26/12/16] Biography. (2016) Richard Branson.[Online] Biography. Available from: https://www.biographyonline.net/business/richard_branson.html [Accessed on 26/12/16] Entrepreneur. (2016) Richard Branson. [Online] Entrepreneur. Available from: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/197616 [Accessed on 26/12/16] Forbes. (2016) The Worlds Most Powerful People.[Online] Forbes. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/profile/jack-ma/ [ Accessed on 23/12/16] Global Speakers Bureau. (2016) Uri Levine. [Online] Global Speakers Bureau. Available from: https://www.gspeakers.com/speaker/?speaker=Levine_Uri [Accessed on 26/12/16] Virgin. (2016) Biography. [Online] Virgin. Available from: https://www.virgin.com/richard-branson/biography [Accessed on 26/12/16] Wee Kiat Teoh. (2016) Speaker Profile. [Online] Wee Kiat Teoh. Available from: https://weekiatteoh.com/profile/ [Accessed on 26/12/16]