A Study On Traumatic Brain Injury - 6523 Words

parindent{ }Traumatic brain injury is a significant health problem in the United States that is estimated to occur in 1.6-1.8 million persons annually (citealt{faul2010}). Diffuse axonal injury is %the most frequently occurring a common type of traumatic brain injury primarily characterized by damage to the axons (citealt{smith2000, Gennarelli1982}). An improved understanding of the pathophysiology of diffuse axonal injury is needed to develop improved diagnostic tools, protective measures and rehabilitation treatments(citealt{Giordano2014}). Many techniques have been developed to help elucidate the injury mechanism associated with diffuse axonal injury over years. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is one such technique where the mesoscale structural information is studied to investigate the diffuse axonal injury. Finite element models have also provided a means to investigate diffuse axonal injury. Several finite element head models have been developed and reported in the literature (citealt{shugar1977,ward1980,hosey1982,Ruan1991,mendis1992,bandak1995,kang1997,al1999,Zhang2001,Kleiven2002,brands2002,takhounts2003,horgan2005,Kleiven2007,iwamoto2007,takhounts2008,panzer2012,mao2013,tse2014,cotton2015}). These models have demonstrated that over time, the structural resolution of the head models, including advancements in constitutive laws, anatomical resolution, and injury descriptions were improved. Previous studies have shown that the brain tissue is anisotropicShow MoreRelatedBrain Studies on Traumatic Brain Injuries1953 Words   |  8 Pagesfrom a traumatic brain injury. While working at a railroad site, an iron tamping rod (43 inches long, 1.25 diameter) went through his left cheek, through his brain, and out the skull. He surprisingly ended up surviving this traumatic injury. After a month in the hospital, he was back out on the street. Once a nice, caring person, Phineas t urned into an aggressive man who could not even keep a job. Just like Phineas Gage, a TBI can potentially change everything. Brain studies on traumatic brain injuriesRead MoreA Study On Traumatic Brain Injury6523 Words   |  27 Pagesparindent{ }Traumatic brain injury is a significant health problem in the United States that is estimated to occur in 1.6-1.8 million persons annually (citealt{faul2010}). Diffuse axonal injury is %the most frequently occurring a common type of traumatic brain injury primarily characterized by damage to the axons (citealt{smith2000, Gennarelli1982}). An improved understanding of the pathophysiology of diffuse axonal injury is needed to develop improved diagnostic tools, protective measures andRead MoreA Study On Traumatic Brain Injury6528 Words   |  27 Pages parindent{ }Traumatic brain injury is a significant health problem in the United States that is estimated to occur in 1.6-1.8 million persons annually (citealt{faul2010}). Diffuse axonal injury is a common type of traumatic brain injury primarily characterized by damage to the axons (citealt{smith2000, Gennarelli1982}). An enhanced knowledge of the pathophysiology of diffuse axonal injury is required to develop improved diagnostic tools, protective measures and rehabilitation treatments(citealt{Giordano2014})Read MoreA Case Study : Traumatic Brain Injury2029 Words   |  9 Pages A Case Study: Traumatic Brain Injury Jennifer Buechler University of San Diego Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Traumatic brain injury, or TBI, occurs when there is a sudden, direct injury to the head. This type of wound can result from a bump, blow, or jolt to the cranium. It may even result from the penetration of a foreign object into the brain tissue. Most TBI’s result from car accidents, sports injuries, blunt trauma, unintentional injuries and falls, with falls accountingRead MoreThe Effect Of Calcium On The Contribution Of Calcium Uptake Of The Vesicular Glutamate Released Into The Extracellular Space855 Words   |  4 Pagesanimals with traumatic brain injuries had significantly higher levels of extracellular glutamate evidenced by a nearly 80% increase when compared to the healthy mice (Hinzman et. Al., 2012). This showed that calcium mediated neuronal glutamate release may contribute to the cytotoxicity experienced by patients affected by traumatic brain injury. The second part of the study examined the importance of excitatory amino acid transporters in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury. To accomplishRead MoreTraumatic Brain Syndrome in Veterans1070 Words   |  4 PagesIssue: Traumatic Brain syndrome in veterans Introduction: Soldiers returning from combat face a wide range of challenges in adjusting to civilian life. These challenges are compounded by the high susceptibility of combat-experienced soldiers to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and overlapping symptoms of traumatic brain syndrome. As the two articles considered hereafter demonstrate, the U.S. military has sought better ways of understanding the primary symptoms and health consequences of traumaticRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of A Concussion1312 Words   |  6 Pageslong-term brain damage and cognitive impairment later in life. A concussion is a subset of a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and results from shaking the brain within the skull. The American Association of Neurological Surgeons (the â€Å"AANS†) has defined a concussion as â€Å"a clinical syndrome characterized by an immediate and transient alteration in brain function, including an alteration of mental status and level of consciousness, resulting from mechanical for ce or trauma.† (Sports-related Head Injury) TheRead MoreRecovery Time After Concussion Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Question: Can blood test predict recovery time after concussion? Abstract Background: There is currently no objective testing markers to predict recovery time after an athlete suffers a concussion. Recent studies are aimed to determine whether or not biomarkers in the blood will be able to help in identifying recovery time after a concussion. Purpose: To determine whether or not protein biomarkers in the blood can serve to predict adequate recovery time after a concussion. Results:Read MoreA Traumatic Brain Injury 1708 Words   |  7 PagesA traumatic brain injury (â€Å"TBI†) occurs when the brain is somehow injured, rattled, or wounded from an external source of force. The means of acquisition and the severity of TBIs are unique to each patient; therefore, symptoms and rehabilitation can vary greatly depending on the patient’s condition following the incident and how they sustained the injury. The severity of a TBI is generally classified into one of three categories: mild, moderate, or severe, and this type of diagnostic criteria influencesRead MoreSelf Reported Pain And Pain Management Strategies Among Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury1593 Words   |  7 Pages The authors of the pilot study all have remarkable educational backgrounds. To begin, with, I discovered P.R.King, G.P. Beehler, and M.J.Wade all had limited amount of experience due to only writing one or two articles that were published, but King Beeler, and Wade all ha ve PHD’s. The article was clearly identified as a quantative study by the authors using a pilot study. The variables of the study are the self-reported pain and pain management strategies. The study was gathered included a group A Study On Traumatic Brain Injury - 6523 Words parindent{ }Traumatic brain injury is a significant health problem in the United States that is estimated to occur in 1.6-1.8 million persons annually (citealt{faul2010}). Diffuse axonal injury is %the most frequently occurring a common type of traumatic brain injury primarily characterized by damage to the axons (citealt{smith2000, Gennarelli1982}). An improved understanding of the pathophysiology of diffuse axonal injury is needed to develop improved diagnostic tools, protective measures and rehabilitation treatments(citealt{Giordano2014}). Many techniques have been developed to help elucidate the injury mechanism associated with diffuse axonal injury over years. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is one such technique where the mesoscale†¦show more content†¦parindent{ }Tissue anisotropy plays a significant role in accurately predicting the extent as well as the location of the white matter damage (citealt{wright2012}). Table~ ef{tab:1} shows a list of finite element stud ies that included diffusion tensor imaging tractography in the injury analysis. Most of the studies (citealt{colgan2010, wright2012, wright2013, Kraft2012, sahoo2014, kleiven2014}) used a diffusion tensor imaging apprised anisotropic material models to represent brain tissue during the analysis. The axonal strains were then calculated using explicit post processing steps. These studies mapped multiple voxels from DTI data to a single element in the finite element model using an averaged fiber orientation/ fiber dispersion measure. To account for the effect of multiple fiber orientations per element, researchers used fractional anisotropy informed material models to represent brain tissue (citealt{wright2013,sahoo2014,kleiven2014}). However, calculating an averaged representation of fiber orientations and fiber dispersion values over multiple voxels might cause a loss of some axonal strain information and accuracy of the material model. %Therefore, there is a strong need to develop a robust methodology for constructing a 3D FE head model that can accommodate both the anisotropic response and high level of anatomical detail. At the same time, this should avoid the need for complex mapping schemes (mapping DTI